THBS1 and diabetes mellitus: The present study demonstrated that (1) DM-CEC-sEVs impair neurogenesis and induce cerebral endothelial dysfunction, (2) N-CEC-sEVs robustly improve DM-impaired cognitive function with augmentation of neurogenesis and amelioration of dysfunctional cerebral vasculature in aged DM rats, and (3) increases of miR-1 and –146a and reductions of their target genes such as MyD-88 and TSP1 may contribute to the therapeutic effect of CEC-sEVs.