Other studies suggest both IL-1β and IL-6 levels remain elevated in over 30% of ICU survivors at 3-months while CRP is detectable in at least 60%, with correlation between functional outcomes and inflammatory state—this is partially in keeping with pre-clinical studies that suggest IL-1β activity is part of a disease tolerance programme that comes at the cost of fibrosis, cachexia and of course, cardiovascular disease risk (201, 202). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Cachexia.