VEGFA and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: Contrary to this, a 2014 systematic review found that, although serum VEGF levels were not increased and did not correlate with hemodynamic alterations, VEGF expression on arterial vascular ECs was significantly higher in CHD-PAH and IPAH patients when compared with healthy controls; additionally, higher expression predicted worse outcomes post-surgical treatment of the patients with CHD (106).