TNF and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: As shown in Figure 11, expression of TNF-α (7.87 ± 5.59 vs. 2.04 ± 0.23) and IL-1β (14.11 ± 2.35 vs. 2.50 ± 0.67) was increased in ITP patients, while expression of VEGF-A (11.44 ± 5.23 vs. 35.59 ± 14.73) and VEGF-D (4.15 ± 2.10 vs. 10.46 ± 5.16) was decreased compared with HV.