First, we demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and their combinations (GBN) could significantly inhibit WSN infection at the NESTIN+ NSCs level (Figure S6A), especially BDNF and GBN in NP+ cells (Figure S6B). Here, NTF3 is linked to early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome.