Another recent and important study found that intra-tumoral fungi (Malassezia globosa or Alternaria alternata) enhanced PDA cancer cell secretion of IL-33 by Dectin-1-mediated activation of the src proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Src)-spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9)-NF-κB pathway (Alam et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CARD9 and Patent ductus arteriosus.