ACO1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: It is hypothesized that the accumulation of cis-aconitate in IPF is mediated by a representative non-mitochondrial aconitase isoform, ACO1 (cytoplasm-localized aconitase isoform), since mitochondrial functions are impaired in IPF (Bueno et al., 2015; Rangarajan et al., 2017; Schuliga et al., 2018; Caporarello et al., 2019; Tsitoura et al., 2019).