AKI has been recognized as a crucial risk factor for the occurrence and progression of CKD (Jiang et al., 2020), which involves the gradual loss of kidney function with reduced glomerular filtration rate and enhanced urinary albumin excretion, resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (Liu et al., 2019; Li Q. et al., 2021). Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.