In addition to these environmental factors, genetic factors were also thought to affect the carcinogenesis of GC, as less than 5% of H. pylori infected hosts will develop GC, and evidence of genetic alterations, such as aberrantly expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), has emerged (Nagata et al., 2014; Nakanishi et al., 2021). Here, AICDA is linked to gastric cancer.