Consistent with our observation of reduced TNF-α+ inflammatory B cells in patient blood and tumors (Figure 2(d) and Supplementary Figure 7(a-c)), circulating pro-inflammatory IFN-γ-expressing CD4+ T-helper cells were significantly lower in melanoma patients compared to HV (Figure 5(a) in agreement with previous reports.10 In autologous B-T cell 1:1 co-cultures, melanoma patient-derived B cells did not suppress either IFN-γ or TNF-α-expression by CD4+ T-helper cells (Figure 5(b-c)). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and melanoma.