We therefore sought to investigate the phenotype and functions of the cytokine-secreting B cell compartment, with focus upon unraveling regulatory B cell (including IL-10, TGF-β, and PD-L1-expressing subsets), and pro-inflammatory B cell (including IFN-γ and TNF-α-expressing subsets) profiles in human melanoma. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and melanoma.