INS and insomnia measurement: The major findings of the current study are as follows: 1) insomnia risk was significantly increased in the DR group, and a higher risk was noted in the PDR group; 2) males and the youngest age group with DR were more vulnerable to insomnia; 3) there was an interactive effect of DR status and DM duration on increasing insomnia risk; and 4) there was an interactive effect of PDR status and DM duration, insulin therapy status, and CKD status on increasing insomnia risk.