CASP3 and gastric cancer: In other previous studies, curcumin was confirmed to cause cell death in cancer cells through ROS production, where studies on gastric cancer cells and osteosarcoma cells reported that ROS induced apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/ MAPK kinase (MKK) 4/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and mitochondrial cytochrome c/ caspase 3 apoptotic pathway respectively43,44 leading to apoptosis.