STAT1 and transient ischemic attack: Moreover, preclinical evidence using mouse models of transient cerebral ischemia shows that all-trans-retinoic acid prophylactic application can promote neutrophil polarization to an N2 phenotype and inhibit neutrophil accumulation in brain lesions by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), lessening cerebral ischemic injury [12].