GBP3 and infection: In addition to Gbp2–/– and Gbp5–/– BMDMs36,37, we found that Gbp1–/– and Gbp3–/– BMDMs had an impaired ability to generate ASC specks, a hallmark of inflammasome activation, in response to infection with F. novicida (Supplementary Fig. 1c), suggesting that four different GBPs, including GBP1 and GBP3, function to contribute to inflammasome activation.