Importantly, we found that WT, Gbp1–/–, Gbp2–/–, Gbp3–/–, Gbp5–/–, and Aim2–/– BMDMs all released similar levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and LDH in response to infection with F. novicida in the presence of E. coli LPS (Supplementary Fig. 12c). This evidence concerns the gene GBP5 and infection.