HMGB1 and neoplasm: For instance, calreticulin increased by RT acts as a pro-phagocytosis eat-me signal in opposition to CD47.265 Release of HMGB1 from tumor cells, via TLR4 activation, promotes antigen presentation by DCs.266 In addition, IR can strengthen tumor cross-presentation of DCs which may promote the activation and proliferation of T cells.267,268 The release of DAMPs and TAAs promotes DCs to migrate towards lymph nodes and further results in the emergence of systemic antitumor immune responses.