Genetic association studies have identified TFs to play a major pathogenic role in SLE.40 Taking advantage of our study design, we performed TF enrichment analysis30 in the cross-species gene signatures and found a total of 11 TFs (including E2F4, FOXM1, SPI1 and SIN3A) and 6 TFs (including SPI1, IRF8, RUNX1 and VDR), which were predicted to regulate the ‘shared active LN signature’ (figure 3A, online supplemental table S8A) and the ‘shared active LN-transition signature’ (figure 3B, online supplemental table S9A), respectively. Here, SIN3A is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.