IFNA1 and infection: In the HT-29 model of infection, the EcN modulatory effects extend to TLR-4 signaling, IL-12A/B, IL-1B, IL-17A, IFN-α/β, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway (ERK-1 and ERK-2), p38MAPK, antiapoptotic Akt signaling, and the c-Jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) (Helmy et al, 2021).