These results suggest that the palliative effect of Neo and Met on colitis is not affected when combined with αPD-L1 antibodies, but antibiotics slightly hindered the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy in female mice at the late stage, as shown by the faster rate of tumor volume growth (Figure 4(b)) and reduced tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells (Figure 4(c)). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.