In addition, FOXO (hsa04068), TNF (hsa04668), p53 (hsa04115), HIF-1 (hsa04066) and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways (hsa04151) were recognised as the classical cancer-related signalling pathways (Figure 3C), that engage in complex crosstalk, based on previous experimental studies (Figure 3D). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.