Nonetheless, overactivation of sphingomyelinases causes ceramide mislocalization, loss of adhesion, and cytoskeletal paralysis (59), treatment with exogenous nanoliposomal short-chain ceramides has been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell migration (60) and the use of a potent glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor prevents CXCR4-dependent cell migration (61). Here, CXCR4 is linked to breast carcinoma.