Antibody-mediated effects are illustrated with AFA, from the serum of SSc patients, which binds skin and lung fibroblasts, leading to proadhesive (ICAM-1), proinflammatory (reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and profibrotic (collagen) processes (66, 75, 103, 104) (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene ICAM1 and systemic sclerosis.