TGFB1 and Parkinson disease: In animal models of epilepsy and PD, MSC therapy increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels like Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), Nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) in the brain and blood[53–56].