Contrary opinions were also proposed by another published study, that TGF-β1 was downregulated in 3 × Tg-AD mice, and administration of TGF-β1 could restore hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in AD model via the PI3K/Akt/Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway [50]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease.