The distinct topologies of SLE-critical amino acid residues coded by the two alleles, along with our findings that the 65-79*LE, but not an equivalent peptide corresponding to DRB1*15:01, suppressed ATP cellular levels (Supplementary Fig. 1d), together suggest that the functional effects on disease risk by DRB1*03:01 and DRB1*15:01 are dissimilar. This evidence concerns the gene HLA-DRB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.