In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that PPARβ/δ deficiency in the brain constitutes not only a new risk factor associated with cognitive loss in neurological diseases but also a key molecule targeting the pivotal pathways leading to memory impairment which include neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, dendritic spine regulation, and synaptic plasticity, among others (Figure 8). Here, INS is linked to memory impairment.