INS and diabetes mellitus: Literature suggests that effective modulation of energy metabolism and insulin signaling through the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathways appears to reverse some devastating outcomes of diabetes (Long and Zierath, 2006; Huang et al., 2018; Mazibuko-Mbeje et al., 2018).