PDHA1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, HCC patients in the high-CRRS group had a significantly decreased expression of several pro-cuproptosis genes like FDX1, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 (PDHA1) while showing a considerably upregulated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), an anti-cuproptosis gene (Supplementary Figure S2E).