In addition, valproic acid, another HDAC inhibitor, has been identified to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-fibrosis, and other effects and has a good therapeutic effect in cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, and other diseases (Khan et al., 2016; Chen S. et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2018). Here, HDAC9 is linked to brain ischemia.