Blood samples from rats administered for 14 days with CIS (2.5 mg/kg) also revealed an increase in MDA, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the levels of the total oxidant system, but also in the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Here, TNF is linked to in situ carcinoma.