Given that alveolar macrophages are essential for the management of infections, especially through the activation of the TLR pathway and their effectors, the expression of TLR2 and c-jun was assessed in primary human alveolar macrophages isolated from nonsmokers (NS), COPD patients (COPD), or COPD patients under ICS treatment (COPD + ICS) that were infected in vitro with PA and further treated with BUD or FLU. The gene discussed is JUN; the disease is infection.