ATG5 and myeloid sarcoma: Specifically, studies in MS patients show elevated levels of synaptic vesicle-containing autophagosomes in the dentate nucleus [74], Atg5 expression in encephalitogenic T cells in biopsies [64], and both ATG5 and parkin (mitophagy marker) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum [75], compared to non-disease controls.