Meanwhile, ARND also downregulated the levels of mRNA expression of proinflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB and c-Rel), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CCL2) and NOS2 in vitro, which may be useful to attenuate the inflammatory response upon viral infection. Here, NFKB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.