PRKAA1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To assess whether hepatic autophagy is the mechanism corresponded for the protective effect of STVNa on NAFLD, the protein levels of P62, LC3-II/LC3-I, AMPK, and p-AMPK were detected in STVNa treatment (Fig. 9A,C) and FFA exposure (Fig. 9B,D) groups both in vitro and in vivo.