For example, decreased expression of the nuclear export factor ALYREF in a C9 Drosophila model alleviates toxicity, whereas downregulation of HNRNPA3 in primary rat hippocampal neurons and patient fibroblasts was found to aggravate the C9orf72 ALS phenotype [5, 47]. This evidence concerns the gene C9orf72 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.