Levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, IL-12p40, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly higher in patients with ulcerative colitis than in controls, suggesting a role for both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Here, TNF is linked to ulcerative colitis.