VEGFA and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction is another important determining factor in preeclampsia being part of a systemic intravascular inflammatory response involving leukocytes, coagulation, and complement systems that can be modified by levels of maternal vitamin D. It seems that renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is related with proteinuria present in preeclampsia, while 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be able to influence angiogenic processes via influencing VEGF gene transcription [23].