A study that evaluated control patients (who did not have cardiovascular disease), patients with LV hypertrophy without HF, and patients with diastolic HF and LV hypertrophy, showed that the dosage of MMP-2 and procollagen III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) together, were shown to be biomarkers that predict HFpEF better than NT-proBNP dosing alone [45]. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and hydrops fetalis.