It has been reported that there is a trend towards reduction in sputum inflammatory biomarkers with statistically significant changes in interleukin(IL)-6, regulated on activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and urinary desmosine in alvelestat-treated patients with cystic fibrosis [28] and that significant changes were observed in forced expiratory volume, slow vital capacity, plasma IL-8, and post-waking sputum IL-6 and RANTES levels in alvelestat-treated patients with bronchiectasis [29]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and bronchiectasis.