RAF1 and cancer: For example, the failures of (a) Bevacizumab, a humanized VEGF antibody with gemcitabine and erlotinib, (b) Sorafenib, a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor of VEGF receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR), stem cell factor receptor/c-Kit, Raf-1 protooncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF1) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT-3), and (c) Axitinib, an orally active VEGFR inhibitor and related tyrosine kinase receptors, collectively, have proven to be less efficacious in specifically targeting and killing of cancer cells [2].