IL6 and hepatocellular carcinoma: It has been reported that the ratio of Enterococcaceae to Bifidobacteriaceae is significantly linked to gut damage and microbial translocation, which potentially promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as well as the downregulation of T-cell responses [77].