Paul Fedak’s team engrafted vascular smooth muscle cells in an induced MI rat model and demonstrated that cell transplantation prevented maladaptive ECM remodelling post-MI, improved cardiac function, attenuated myofibroblast activation, and increased the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor/FGF2 (inhibitor of TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) 2, an endogenous inhibitor of MMP2 [71]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to myocardial infarction.