In one prospective study on 130 PCL patients with histopathology available after surgical resection, cyst fluid was analyzed for mutations previously reported in pancreatic cysts (BRAF, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, GNAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, RNF43, SMAD4, TP53, VHL), loss of heterozygosity of the tumor suppressor genes (CDKN2A, RNF43, SMAD4, TP53 or VHL) and aneuploidy [59]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD4 and cyst.