CD8A and neoplasm: IHC images may be quantified for biomarker results, e.g., PD-L1, ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, and distribution of biomarker expression, e.g., PD-L1 (tumor and inflammatory cells), CD8 (cytotoxic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes/TILs), and CD163 (type 2 macrophages), both metrics of which are important in predicting tumor response to chemotherapy.