TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The standard treatment for IBD include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), corticosteroids (CS), immunomodulators like thiopurines (TPs), methotrexate (MTX), calcineurin inhibitors, and Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and biological agents that include pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-12/23) inhibitors and integrin antagonists [64].