Immunoblotting assay results showed activation of type I IFN-signaling proteins of phospho-STAT1, phospho-STAT2, and phospho-IRF3 in GBM cells cultivated in 2.5% and 5% hPL- supplemented medium compared with FBS-supplemented medium (Figure 3A, left panels); the total protein amount of IRF3 and NFκB p65 were increased in hPL-cultured GBM cells (Figure 3A, right panels). Here, STAT1 is linked to glioblastoma.