IRF3 and infection: Immunoblotting assay results showed that PeV-A3 failed to induce STAT1, STAT2, IRF3, and NFκB p65 activation in FBS medium-maintained GBM cells; in contrast, phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, IRF3, and total NFκB p65 were detected in hPL-medium-maintained GBM cells with PeV-A3 infection (Figure 4A).