MUC1 and cancer: By monitoring the in vivo tumor growth changes, it was demonstrated that this MUC1-Vax vaccine could effectively inhibit the growth of MUC1+ or PD-L1+ tumor cells; this novel PD-L1-containing MUC1-Vax vaccine provides a novel strategy for generating consistently anti-PD-L1 antibody and T-cell responses for cancer treatment and prevention.