However, a study on humoral and spike-specific T cell responses in patients with IBD who were on antimetabolite therapy (azathioprine or methotrexate), TNF inhibitors, and/or other biologic treatment (anti-integrin or anti-p40) for up to 6 months after completing two-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccination showed that a spike-specific T cell response was not only induced in treated patients with IBD at levels similar to those of healthy individuals, but also was sustained at a higher magnitude for up to 6 months after vaccination, particularly in those treated with TNF inhibitor therapy [134]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.