Whereas the gene expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 were all profoundly induced upon the infection of HCoV-OC43 over a period of 30 h after infection (Figure 5A), only the gene expressions of IL-6 and IL-8, but not MCP-1, were suppressed by ciclesonide treatment in a dose-dependent manner as examined either at 6 h.p.i. or 30 h.p.i. (Figure 5(Ba,Ca)). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is infection.