TNF and hepatitis B virus infection: Compared with single therapeutic modes, synergistic therapy can improve the efficiency of anti-hepatitis B. For instance, combination therapy based on Crispr/Cas9 targeting HBV-PreS1 and PD-1 results in upregulated CD80, CD83, CD86, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α and favors immune activation to inhibit HBV more effectively [30].