TNF and neoplasm: Notably, recent studies have shown that the functionalization of TNF-bearing gold nanoparticles with NGR- or isoDGR-containing ligands can enable also the “active” targeted delivery of extremely low, but pharmacologically active, doses of nanodrug (e.g., equivalent to 5 pg of biologically active TNF/mouse) to the tumor vasculature in murine models [64,86].