Thus, phase II clinical studies with low-dose NGR-TNF (0.8 μg/m2, 1 h infusion, weekly or every 3 weeks) as a single agent were then conducted in pre-treated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, TNF is linked to malignant pleural mesothelioma.